Molecular detection and clinical aspects of porcine circovirus 3 infection in pigs from Brazil / [Detecção molecular e aspectos clínicos da infecção por circovírus suíno 3 em suínos do Brasil]

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) DNA has been detected in serum samples from apparently healthy pigs as well as pigs with different clinical conditions. Molecular detection of PCV-3 was observed in swine serum samples from Southeastern - Brazil using a nested PCR designed specifically for this study. The epidemiology and clinical aspects of PCV-3 infection were evaluated. The samples originated from 154 pigs of both genders from different production phases and with different clinical presentations, sampled from 31 pig farms visited between 2013 and 2018. In this study, PCV-3 was detected in 26.7% of samples from all populations across varying ages. Statistical association (P=0.0285) was observed only between animals with respiratory signs and PCV-3; no PCV-3-positive animal had diarrhea. No statistical association was observed between PCV-3 and age, or gender of the pigs. Because PCV-3 is a newly discovered virus, there is very little information about its epidemiology. We hope that these data can help in future studies investigating PCV-3 epidemiology.(AU)

O DNA do circovírus suíno 3 (PCV-3) foi detectado em amostras de soro de suínos aparentemente saudáveis, bem como em suínos com diferentes condições clínicas. A detecção molecular do PCV-3 foi observada em amostras de soro de suínos da região Sudeste do Brasil, com uma nested PCR desenhada especificamente para este estudo. A epidemiologia e os aspectos clínicos da infecção por PCV-3 foram avaliados. As amostras foram coletadas de 154 suínos de ambos os sexos, de diferentes fases de produção e com diferentes sinais clínicos. Os animais pertenciam a 31 granjas visitadas entre 2013 e 2018. Neste estudo, o PCV-3 foi detectado em 26,7% das amostras de animais saudáveis e de animais com variados sinais clínicos, de ambos os sexos e de idades variadas. Associação estatística (P=0,0285) foi observada apenas entre animais com sinais respiratórios e PCV-3; nenhum animal positivo para PCV-3 apresentava diarreia. Não foi observada associação estatística entre o PCV-3 e a idade ou o sexo dos suínos. Por se tratar de um vírus recém-descoberto, existem poucas informações sobre sua epidemiologia. Espera-se que os dados deste trabalho possam contribuir para futuros estudos sobre a epidemiologia do PCV-3.(AU)

Retrospective study of porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) in swine tissue from Brazil (1967-2018).

In this study, we report the molecular diagnosis and retrospective study of porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) in frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded swine tissues (FFPE) collected from 1967 to 2018 in southeastern Brazil (Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states). Frozen tissues from 35 pigs and FFPE tissues from 143 pigs were tested by nested PCR, targeting the PCV3 partial capsid gene. Bidirectional sequencing of 16 positive samples was performed, followed by sequence analysis and haplotype networks. A total of 26/178 samples (14.6%) tested positive for PCV3: 14/35 (40%) frozen tissue and 12/143 (8.4%) FFPE tissue. PCV3 was detected in the 1960s, 1970s, 2000s, and 2010s with the characterization of types PCV3a and PCV3b. A star-like distribution was observed in the grid of haplotypes, with a low haplotype diversity and more recent dispersal of the virus. A total of 40% of asymptomatic animals considered fit for slaughter tested positive for PCV3. In conclusion, PCV3 DNA was detected over 51 years of study, prior to initial reports and, so far, the sample detected in 1967 is the oldest partial capsid sequence described. The circulation of two different genotypes was reported, suggesting more than one introduction event of this virus into Brazil. Moreover, taken together, our studies indicated an ancient origin of PCV3 and its circulation in asymptomatic animals in Brazilian herds.

Helicobacteriose em leitões: imuno-histoquímica em amostras colhidas por meio de gastroscopia / Helicobacter infection in piglets: Immunohistochemical analysis in mucosal samples collected using gastroscopy

O diagnóstico da úlcera gastroesofágica (UGE) é fundamental para que se tente a recuperação dos afetados, entretanto há grande dificuldade na sua realização de forma precisa. Modernos endoscópios são ferramentas importantes nesse sentido e podem ser usados para determinar em que fase da criação a ulceração ocorre. A bactéria Helicobacter tem sido associada à UGE e gerado perdas econômicas. Tendo em vista que poucos trabalhos têm sido realizados para identificação do problema precocemente, este estudo teve como objetivo detectar as lesões relacionando-as, ou não, com a bactéria Helicobacter spp., mediante análises macroscópica e histopatológica de amostras colhidas por meio da gastroscopia. Foram utilizados 20 animais de ambos os sexos, pesando entre 22 e 26kg e com 65 dias de idade. O aparelho utilizado foi um gastrovideoscópio da marca Karl Storz, modelo 1380NKS. Foram colhidas amostras das regiões anatômicas aglandular (quadrilátero esofágico) e glandular (cárdica, fúndica e pilórica) para o teste ultrarrápido da urease e para as avaliações histopatológicas e imuno-histoquímicas. Onze animais apresentaram lesões na região aglandular à endoscopia, e microscopicamente 15 animais apresentaram paraqueratose. Em 18 animais, foram observadas alterações em pelo menos uma das três regiões glandulares. As lesões foram maiores na região cárdica, seguida da antral e da fúndica. Em relação ao teste ultrarrápido da urease, sete animais foram negativos nas quatro regiões, e 13 positivos em pelo menos uma delas. Em relação à imuno-histoquímica (IHQ), 10 animais foram negativos em todas as regiões e 10 foram positivos em pelo menos uma delas. Os achados pré-ulcerativos não demonstraram relação com o Helicobacter spp., que apresenta caráter saprofítico e oportunista confirmado pela sua imunomarcação em áreas sem lesão...

Gastroesophageal ulcer (GEU) diagnosis is fundamental for the treatment and recovery of the affected animal stock. GEU is a condition affecting animals, resulting in depletion of animal stock and subsequent economic losses. Helicobacter spp. have been associated with GEU. Modern endoscopes are important for detecting the stage of the breeding process at which the ulceration occurs. However, few studies regarding early detection of GEU have been conducted. Therefore, we aimed to identify whether GEU lesions were related to Helicobacter spp. infection, using gastroscopy as a diagnostic technique for macroscopic and histopathological analyses. Twenty piglets (both male and female) with a mean age of 65 days were included (weight, 22-26 kg). We used a Karl Storz Gastrovideoscope (model 1380NKS). Samples from nonglandular and glandular (cardia, fundus, and pylorus) regions were collected for the ultra-rapid urease test and for histopathological and immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluations. Eleven animals showed macroscopic lesions in the nonglandular region during endoscopy, and 15 animals showed parakeratosis on histological analysis. Lesions in at least 1 glandular region were observed in 18 animals. The lesions were bigger in the cardiac region, followed by those in the antrum and the fundus. Regarding the ultra-rapid urease test, 7 animals were negative in all 4 regions and 13 were positive in at least 1 region. On IHC, 10 animals were negative in all 4 regions and 10 were positive in at least 1 region. However, pre-ulcerative findings were not correlated with Helicobacter spp. infection in the present study. The positive IHC findings for Helicobacter spp in regions without ulcerative lesions suggest its saprophytic and opportunistic nature...

Demodicose suína no norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro: relato de caso / Demodicosis in northern Rio de Janeiro State: case report

Um leitão oriundo de um criatório do norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro, mantido no biotério do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro e utilizado como caso piloto de projeto de pesquisa para investigações sobre o acesso videolaparoscópico retal (NOTES - Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery), foi eutanasiado e necropsiado. Amostras do ponto de acesso do tubo de inserção na região mucocutânea anal foram colhidas, fixadas em formalina neutra tamponada a 10%, processadas por inclusão em parafina e coradas pela hematoxilina e eosina para histologia. Observou-se o comprometimento de folículos que, dilatados, exibiam formações que lembravam Demodex spp. cortados em vários sentidos e, por se tratar de ácaros espécie-específicos, concluiu-se como D. phylloides. Na citopatologia, o ácaro foi recuperado e identificado a fresco, mostrando-se alongado, com quatro pares de patas ventrais e no terço anterior do corpo. Este se refere ao primeiro registro de demodicose suína no estado do Rio de Janeiro.

A piglet derived from a farm in northern Rio de Janeiro State, maintained at the Animal Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro and used as a pilot case for a research project on access to research video-laparoscopic rectal (NOTES - Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery Translumenal) was euthanized and necropsied. Samples from the access point of the insertion tube in mucocutaneous anal region were collected, fixed in buffered formalin 10%, processed by embedding in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathology. The impairment of follicles that exhibited dilated formations resembling Demodex spp. cut in various directions and due to the mite species-specific was observed, and was concluded as D. phylloides. The mite was recovered and freshly identified by cytopathology. It was elongated, with four pairs of legs, at ventral and anterior third of the body. This refers to the first report of swine demodicosis in Rio de Janeiro State.

Comparative evaluation of the human whole blood and human peripheral blood monocyte tests for pyrogens.

Two different in vitro tests for pyrogens, using human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMNC) and diluted whole blood (WBC), respectively, were applied to different classes of parenteral medicinal products. Many of these products did not have a specified endotoxin limit concentration that was established as the maximum valid dilution to comply with the test. The results of the in vitro tests for pyrogens were compared with the results from the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) and rabbit pyrogen tests. The Second International Standard for endotoxin was used to calibrate all of the assays and the International Standard for IL-6 was used to calibrate the IL-6 ELISA which provided the readout for the in vitro tests for pyrogens. Preparatory tests were conducted to ensure that the "criteria for validity and precision of the standard curve" were satisfied and that the drugs being tested did not interfere in the tests. The PBMNC/IL-6 test had a detection limit of 0.06 EU/ml and spike recoveries were 62-165%. The whole blood/IL-6 test also had a detection limit of 0.06 EU/ml and spike recoveries were 58-132%. The application to the detection of non-endotoxin pyrogens needs to be evaluated in more detail, but the two in vitro tests for pyrogens showed good agreement overall, both with each other and with the LAL test and the rabbit pyrogen test for the detection of endotoxins.

[Relationships between the coronal suture and the sulci of the lateral convexity of the frontal lobe: neurosurgical applications]. / Relações da sutura coronária com os sulcos da face súpero-lateral do lobo frontal: aplicações neurocirúrgicas.

An anatomical study of the relationships between the coronal suture and the sulci of the convexity of the frontal lobe was accomplished in seven cephalic segments. The pre-central and central sulci are, respectively, 26,5 mm and 40,5 mm behind the bregma and 15,0 mm and 35,5 mm behind the pterion. The use of the coronal suture as point of reference, and especially, its relationship with the sulci of the lateral surface of the frontal lobe, allows to determine the projection on the cranium of the superficial cerebral lesions with the purpose to delimit the surgical access and to guide the approach to the cerebral convexity.

[Cranioencephalic relationships between Trolard and Labbé veins: neurosurgical applications]. / Relações cranioencefálicas das veias de Trolard e de Labbé: aplicações neurocirúrgicas.

We accomplished an anatomic study of the anastomotic veins of Trolard and Labbé in seven human cephalic segments with the objective to accurate its stretch and references to facilitate its preservation during surgical procedure. The relationship between the Trolard vein and motor cortex was also studied.

[The sulci and gyri localization of the brain superolateral surface in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging]. / Localização dos sulcos e giros da face súpero-lateral do cérebro na tomografia computadorizada e na ressonância magnética.

The knowledge of the superolateral surface brain anatomy is fundamental to localize and to approach the cerebral lesions. A literature review of the signs and landmarks for the identification of its sulci and gyri in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging had been done. The combined use of these several signs makes possible the sulci and gyri identification and its cerebral lesions localization in almost all cases.

[Surgical treatment of the occipital condyle fracture: case report]. / Tratamento cirúrgico da fratura do côndilo occipital: relato de caso.

We present a case of fracture of the occipital condyle showing neck pain, lesion of IX, X and XII cranial nerves and pyramidal syndrome of the four members. A review of the literature about the surgical treatment of the occipital condyle fracture is done.

Broca and the beginning of modern neurosurgery. / Broca e o nascimento de moderna neurocirurgia.

The study presents Broca's pioneering efforts on cerebral localizations and craniotopography and their application on the first craniotomy based on cerebral localization.

[U-shaped chisel to cut the orbital roof: technical note]. / Cisel em U para a secção do teto da órbita. Nota técnica.

We describe a new U-shaped chisel whose cutting edge allows for a precise and safer cutting of the orbital roof in the frontoorbital approach.

[Subdural effusions in children. Pathophysiology and treatment]. / Coleção subdural na criança. Fisiopatologia e tratamento.

Nine children harboring subdural effusions were treated by subduro peritoneal shunt. These patients were followed-up by CT scans. The area of the subdural effusions was measured by quantitative morphology with a planimeter. With the surgical treatment, the subdural effusion disappeared completely or near completely in 8 patients. The patient's functional state were excellent in 4, good in 3 and bad in 2 in the postoperative follow-up. We aldo reviewed the literature as far as the pathophysiology and the treatment of the subdural effusions are concerned.

Tumoral form of cerebral schistosomiasis mansoni. A report of four cases and a review of the literature.

We describe four cases of the tumoral form of cerebral schistosomiasis mansoni. The patients had symptoms of increased intracranial pressure and focal neurological signs that varied according to the site of the lesion. Computerized tomography showed a hyperdense, enhancing lesion located in the cerebellum (2 patients), frontal lobe and thalamus (1 patient), and temporal subdural region (1 patient), with associated mass effects. The lesion was resected in three patients and a stereotactic biopsy was performed in one. Histopathologic specimens of all four patients revealed multiple schistosomal granulomas in various evolutive phases. Two of these patients differ from previously described cases; one because of the subdural location of the lesion, mimicking a meningioma, and the other one because two lesions were present.

Pseudo-aneurisma em anastomose temporocortical. Relato de caso. / Pseudoaneurysm in temporocortical anastomosis. Report of a case

Relato do encontro de pseudo-aneurisma em anastomose temporocortical realizada em paciente com trombose de carotida interna e quadro clinico de isquemia transitoria.Pelo que sabemos, este e o terceiro caso relatado desta complicacao